Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Further Deepening Reform in a Comprehensive Manner and Promoting Chinese-style Modernization

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, July 21

Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Further Deepening Comprehensive Reform and Promoting Chinese-style Modernization

(Adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on July 18, 2024)

To implement the strategic plans laid out at the 20th National Congress of the Party, the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee studied issues related to further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-style modernization, and adopted the following decisions.

I. The Significant Meaning and Overall Requirements for Further Deepening Reform in a Comprehensive Manner and Promoting Chinese-style Modernization

(1) The importance and necessity of further deepening reform in a comprehensive and thorough manner. Reform and opening-up is the vital key that has enabled the Party and the people’s cause to make great strides in keeping pace with the times. The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Party was epoch-making, marking the beginning of a new era of reform and opening-up and socialist modernization. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Party was also epoch-making, launching a new journey of comprehensively deepening reform and systematically and holistically designing and advancing reform in the new era, thus opening up an entirely new chapter for China’s reform and opening-up.

Under the core leadership of Comrade Xi Jinping, the Party Central Committee has united and led the entire Party, the armed forces, and all ethnic groups across the country, demonstrating great historical initiative, immense political courage, and a strong sense of responsibility. We have broken free from ideological constraints, surmounted barriers of vested interests, dared to venture into deep waters, tackled tough challenges head-on, and braved treacherous shoals. We have resolutely dismantled institutional and systemic drawbacks in all areas, achieving a transformation from localized exploration and breakthroughs to systematic integration and comprehensive deepening. The foundational institutional framework in various fields has been largely established, and many areas have undergone historic transformations, systemic reshaping, and holistic reconstruction. We have generally accomplished the reform tasks set forth at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Party Congress, and have made significant progress toward the goal of having our systems become more mature and well-defined by the centenary of the founding of the Party. This provides robust institutional guarantees for fully building a moderately prosperous society and realizing the Party’s first centenary goal, and propels China onto a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

The current period and the coming one represent a critical phase for comprehensively advancing the cause of building a strong country and achieving national rejuvenation through Chinese-style modernization. Chinese-style modernization has been steadily advanced through reform and opening-up, and it will surely open up broad prospects precisely through continued reform and opening-up. Faced with a complex and ever-changing international and domestic landscape, confronted with a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, and responding to the fresh expectations of the people, we must keep pushing reform forward. This is an imperative for upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and for advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. It is also an essential requirement for implementing the new development philosophy and better adapting to the evolving principal social contradiction in China. Moreover, it is a necessary demand for adhering to a people-centered approach and ensuring that the fruits of modernization benefit all the people more equitably. It is a vital necessity for addressing major risks and challenges and for guiding the Party and the country toward steady and sustained progress. It is an indispensable requirement for promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind and gaining strategic initiative amid the accelerating evolution of a century-long global transformation. Finally, it is a crucial imperative for deepening the great new project of Party building in the new era and building a Marxist party that is even stronger and more robust. Reform and opening-up is an ongoing process—there is no endpoint. The entire Party must consciously place reform in an even more prominent position and, closely focusing on advancing Chinese-style modernization, continue to deepen reform comprehensively.

(2) Guiding principles for further comprehensively deepening reform. We must uphold Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Important Thought of the “Three Represents,” and the Scientific Outlook on Development; fully implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era; thoroughly study and implement General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of new ideas, new perspectives, and new judgments on comprehensively deepening reform; fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy; adhere to the general working principle of seeking progress while maintaining stability; uphold the principles of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keeping pace with the times, and being pragmatic and realistic; further liberate and develop social productive forces, stimulate and enhance social vitality; coordinate the domestic and international contexts; promote in a coordinated manner the “Five-in-One” overall layout; and advance in a coordinated way the “Four Comprehensive” strategic layout. Taking economic structural reform as the driving force and taking promoting social equity and justice and enhancing the well-being of the people as both the starting point and the ultimate goal, we must pay even greater attention to systematic integration, highlight key priorities, and focus on the effectiveness of reform. This will help better align production relations with productive forces, the superstructure with the economic base, and national governance with social development, thereby providing strong impetus and institutional guarantees for Chinese-style modernization.

(3) The overarching goal of further deepening reform in a comprehensive and all-round manner. We will continue to improve and develop the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, and advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. By 2035, we will have fully established a high-level socialist market economic system, further perfected the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, basically achieved the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, and basically realized socialist modernization, thereby laying a solid foundation for fully building a great modern socialist country by the middle of this century.

—Focusing on building a high-level socialist market economic system, fully leveraging the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, better performing the role of the government, upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system, promoting high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and strength, advancing high-level opening-up, establishing a modernized economic system, accelerating the construction of a new development pattern, and driving high-quality development.

—Focusing on the development of whole-process people’s democracy, we will uphold the organic unity of Party leadership, the people being masters of the country, and governance according to law. We will promote the further improvement of systems that enable the people to be masters of the country, foster the broad, multi-level, and institutionalized development of consultative democracy, and further refine the socialist rule-of-law system with Chinese characteristics, thereby elevating the building of a socialist rule-of-law state to a higher level.

—Focusing on building a strong socialist cultural nation, upholding the fundamental institutional principle of Marxism’s guiding role in the ideological sphere, improving the systems and mechanisms for developing cultural undertakings and cultural industries, promoting cultural prosperity, enriching the spiritual and cultural lives of the people, and enhancing the country’s cultural soft power and the influence of Chinese culture.

—Focusing on improving the quality of life for the people, perfecting the income distribution and employment systems, strengthening the social security system, enhancing the equity and accessibility of basic public services, and promoting more tangible and substantive progress toward the all-round development of individuals and common prosperity for all the people.

—Focusing on building a beautiful China, accelerating the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development, improving the ecological and environmental governance system, promoting eco-priority, resource conservation and intensive use, and green, low-carbon development, and fostering harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.

—Focusing on building a higher-level, peaceful China, improving the national security system, strengthening the integrated national strategic system, enhancing our capacity to safeguard national security, innovating the systems, mechanisms, and tools for social governance, and effectively establishing a new security framework.

—Focusing on enhancing the Party’s leadership capacity and its ability to govern for the long term, innovating and improving leadership and governance approaches, deepening reform of the Party-building system, and perfecting the comprehensive system for strict Party governance.

By the 80th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 2029, complete the reform tasks set forth in this decision.

(4) The principle of further deepening reform in a comprehensive and all-round manner. We shall summarize and draw upon the valuable experiences gained since the reform and opening-up, especially those accumulated during the new era of comprehensively deepening reform, and uphold the following principles: Uphold the Party’s overall leadership, firmly safeguard the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, give full play to the Party’s core role in overseeing the overall situation and coordinating all parties, integrate Party leadership into every aspect and stage of reform, and ensure that reform always advances along the correct political direction; adhere to a people-centered approach, respect the people’s status as the main body and their spirit of pioneering initiative, respond promptly to the people’s calls, and ensure that reform is carried out for the people, relies on the people, and its outcomes are shared by the people; stick to upholding the correct principles while promoting innovation, remain steadfast in socialism with Chinese characteristics, keep pace with the times, adapt to practical developments, focus on addressing specific problems, and advance theoretical innovation, practical innovation, institutional innovation, cultural innovation, and innovation in other areas from a new starting point; take institutional development as the main line, strengthen top-level design and overall planning, adopt a strategy of both breaking and establishing, establish new systems before dismantling old ones, consolidate fundamental institutions, improve basic institutions, and innovate key institutions; adhere to the rule of law in all respects, deepen reform and advance Chinese-style modernization within the framework of the rule of law, achieve the integration of reform and the rule of law, ensure that major reforms are grounded in law, and promptly elevate the outcomes of reform into legal and institutional frameworks; and uphold a systematic perspective, properly handle major relationships such as those between economy and society, government and market, efficiency and equity, vitality and order, development and security, and enhance the systematic, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform.

II. Building a High-Standard Socialist Market Economy System

A high-level socialist market economic system is an important guarantee for Chinese-style modernization. We must better leverage the role of market mechanisms, create a more equitable and dynamic market environment, and achieve optimal resource allocation efficiency and maximum benefits—balancing both “letting go” and “keeping control”—to better uphold market order, address market failures, ensure smooth circulation in the national economy, and unleash the endogenous momentum and innovative vitality of the entire society.

(5) Uphold and implement the “two unwavering commitments.” Unswervingly consolidate and develop the public ownership economy, and unswervingly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public ownership economy. Ensure that all forms of ownership equally and legally access production factors, fairly participate in market competition, and receive equal legal protection, thereby promoting complementary advantages and common development among various forms of ownership.

Deepen the reform of state-owned assets and state-owned enterprises, improve the management, supervision, and institutional mechanisms, enhance strategic coordination among relevant regulatory authorities, promote optimization of the layout and structural adjustment of the state-owned economy, and drive state-owned capital and enterprises to become stronger, better, and bigger, reinforcing their core functions and enhancing their core competitiveness. Further clarify the functional positioning of different types of state-owned enterprises, refine the management of their primary responsibilities and core businesses, and specify key investment areas and directions for state-owned capital. Guide state-owned capital to concentrate on industries and critical sectors that are vital to national security and the lifeline of the national economy, as well as on public services, emergency response capabilities, and public-benefit sectors that directly affect people’s livelihoods; and to focus on forward-looking, strategic emerging industries. Improve the institutional arrangements for state-owned enterprises to promote original innovation. Deepen the reform of state-owned capital investment and operation companies. Establish a system for evaluating state-owned enterprises’ fulfillment of their strategic missions, refine the classified assessment and evaluation system for state-owned enterprises, and conduct accounting for the value added of the state-owned economy. Promote independent operations of naturally monopolized segments and market-oriented reforms of competitive segments in sectors such as energy, railways, telecommunications, water conservancy, and public utilities, and strengthen the regulatory systems and mechanisms.

We will remain committed to policies and guidelines aimed at fostering a favorable environment and providing more opportunities for the development of the non-public sector economy. We will enact a Law on Promoting the Private Economy. We will continue to deeply remove barriers to market access, promote fair and equitable opening of competitive infrastructure sectors to business entities, and improve long-term mechanisms for private enterprises’ participation in the construction of major national projects. We will support capable private enterprises in taking the lead in undertaking major national technological research tasks and further open up major national scientific research infrastructures to private enterprises. We will refine the policy framework and institutional arrangements for financing support to private enterprises, addressing the challenges of difficult and costly financing. We will strengthen the legal and regulatory framework for the long-term oversight of enterprise-related fees and the timely settlement of overdue payments owed to enterprises. We will accelerate the establishment of a comprehensive credit evaluation system for private enterprises and enhance the credit enhancement mechanisms for small and medium-sized private enterprises. We will support and guide private enterprises in improving their governance structures and management systems, strengthening corporate compliance efforts, and enhancing risk prevention and integrity management. We will intensify supervision during and after the event, and standardize administrative inspections involving private enterprises.

Improve the modern enterprise system with Chinese characteristics, promote the entrepreneurial spirit, and support and guide enterprises of all types to enhance their efficiency in utilizing resource factors, elevate their management and operational standards, fulfill their social responsibilities, and accelerate the development of more world-class enterprises.

(6) Build a nationwide unified market. Promote the unification of basic market institutional rules, ensure fair and consistent market regulation, and facilitate high-standard connectivity of market infrastructure. Strengthen the binding enforcement of fair competition reviews, intensify efforts to combat monopolies and unfair competition, and eliminate or abolish all regulations and practices that hinder the establishment of a nationwide unified market and undermine fair competition. Standardize local regulations and systems for investment promotion, and strictly prohibit any policy preferences granted in violation of laws and regulations. Establish and improve a unified, standardized, and information-sharing platform system for public resource transactions—including tendering and bidding, as well as procurement by government agencies, public institutions, and state-owned enterprises—so as to achieve transparent management throughout the entire project lifecycle. Enhance the overall capacity and level of market supervision. Improve the national standards system and deepen reforms to the local standards management system.

Improve the systems and rules governing factor markets, promote the smooth flow of production factors, ensure efficient allocation of various resources, and fully unleash market potential. Establish a unified urban-rural land-use rights market. Enhance the foundational institutional framework for fostering the healthy development of capital markets. Cultivate a nationwide integrated market for technology and data. Refine the mechanism by which factor prices are primarily determined by market supply and demand, and prevent undue government intervention in price formation. Improve the mechanisms through which production factors—including labor, capital, land, knowledge, technology, management, and data—are evaluated by the market according to their respective contributions, and remuneration is determined accordingly. Advance price reforms in sectors such as water, energy, and transportation; optimize tiered pricing systems for residential water, electricity, and gas consumption; and refine the pricing mechanism for refined petroleum products.

Improve the circulation system, accelerate the development of the Internet of Things, refine integrated and interconnected circulation rules and standards, and reduce logistics costs across society. Deepen reform of the energy management system, build a nationwide unified electricity market, and optimize the operation and dispatch mechanisms for oil and gas pipeline networks.

Accelerate the development of a comprehensive domestic demand system, establish a long-term mechanism for government investment to support the construction of major projects that are foundational, public-benefit-oriented, and forward-looking, refine the institutional framework for government investment to effectively leverage social investment, deepen reform of the investment approval system, improve mechanisms that stimulate the vitality of private capital investment and facilitate project implementation, and create an effective, market-driven mechanism for endogenous investment growth. Perfect and extend the long-term mechanisms for expanding consumption, reduce restrictive measures, appropriately increase public consumption, and actively promote the “first-launch economy.”

(7) Improve the fundamental institutions of the market economy. Perfect the property rights system, and ensure equal and long-term protection of property rights for all types of ownership economies in accordance with the law; establish an efficient, integrated management system for intellectual property rights. Improve the market information disclosure system and build a robust system for protecting trade secrets. Implement the principle of equal responsibility, identical crimes, and identical penalties for acts that infringe upon the property rights and legitimate interests of all types of ownership economies, and refine the system of punitive damages. Strengthen law enforcement and judicial protection of property rights, prevent and correct the use of administrative and criminal measures to interfere in economic disputes, and enhance mechanisms for identifying and rectifying wrongful convictions involving enterprises in accordance with the law.

Improve the market access system and optimize the market entry environment for new business models and emerging sectors. Deepen reform of the registered capital subscription registration system, implementing timely and lawful subscription as required by law. Enhance the corporate bankruptcy mechanism, explore the establishment of a personal bankruptcy system, advance supporting reforms for enterprise deregistration, and refine the corporate exit system. Strengthen the social credit system and regulatory framework.

III. Improve the institutional mechanisms for promoting high-quality economic development.

High-quality development is the primary task in fully building a modern socialist country. We must use the new development philosophy to guide reform, ground ourselves in the new stage of development, deepen supply-side structural reform, improve the incentive and constraint mechanisms for promoting high-quality development, and foster new drivers and advantages for growth.

(8) Improve the institutional mechanisms for developing new-quality productive forces in a manner suited to local conditions. Promote revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep transformation and upgrading of industries. Optimize and upgrade the combination of workers, means of labor, and objects of labor, thereby fostering new industries, new business models, and new growth drivers, and developing productive forces characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality. Strengthen innovation in key common technologies, cutting-edge leading-edge technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technologies; enhance institutional support for emerging fields and new development tracks; establish mechanisms for increasing investment in future industries; refine policies and governance systems to promote the development of strategic industries such as next-generation information technology, artificial intelligence, aerospace, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, biopharmaceuticals, and quantum technology; and guide the healthy and orderly development of emerging industries. Use national standards to lead and drive the optimization and upgrading of traditional industries, and support enterprises in leveraging digital and intelligent technologies as well as green technologies to transform and upgrade traditional industries. Reinforce institutional constraints related to environmental protection and safety.

Improve relevant rules and policies, accelerate the development of production relations that are better aligned with new-quality productive forces, and promote the concentration of various advanced production factors toward the development of these new-quality productive forces, thereby significantly boosting total factor productivity. Encourage and regulate the development of angel investment, venture capital, and private equity investment, better leverage the role of government investment funds, and foster patient capital.

(9) Improve the institutional framework for promoting the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy. Accelerate the advancement of new industrialization, foster and strengthen advanced manufacturing clusters, and drive the high-end, intelligent, and green development of the manufacturing sector. Establish a number of industry-wide common technology platforms, speed up the transformation of industrial models and enterprise organizational forms, and refine and enhance the institutional mechanisms that bolster the leading position of our country’s advantageous industries. Optimize the operation and regulatory mechanisms of major industrial funds to ensure that fund investments align with national strategic priorities. Establish a mechanism to maintain an appropriate proportion of investment in manufacturing, and reasonably reduce the overall costs and tax burdens faced by the manufacturing sector.

Accelerate the establishment of institutional mechanisms that foster the development of the digital economy, and refine the policy framework for promoting both the digitalization of industries and the industrialization of digital technologies. Speed up the comprehensive and full-chain popularization and application of next-generation information technologies, develop the industrial internet, and build digitally competitive industrial clusters with global competitiveness. Promote innovative development of the platform economy and establish a normalized regulatory system for the platform economy. Construct and operate national data infrastructure to facilitate data sharing. Accelerate the establishment of systems for identifying data ownership, regulating market transactions, allocating rights and interests, and protecting related interests; enhance capabilities in data security governance and regulation; and set up efficient, convenient, and secure mechanisms for cross-border data flows.

(10) Improve the institutional framework for developing the service sector. Refine the policy system supporting the development of the service sector, optimize service-sector accounting practices, and promote the standardization of service-sector activities. Focus on key links and specific sectors to drive high-quality development of producer services, develop industrial internet platforms, remove administrative barriers to cross-regional operations, and advance the integrated development of producer services. Establish sound mechanisms to accelerate the diversified development of consumer services. Improve the regulatory and institutional framework for intermediary service agencies, and promote their integrity, trustworthiness, and compliance with the law in fulfilling their duties.

(11) Improve the institutional framework for modern infrastructure development. Establish a new system of infrastructure planning and standards, refine mechanisms for the integrated utilization of new infrastructure, accelerate the digital transformation of traditional infrastructure, broaden diversified channels for investment and financing, and strengthen coordination mechanisms for major infrastructure projects. Deepen reform of the integrated transportation system, advance railway sector reform, develop general aviation and the low-altitude economy, and promote optimization of toll road policies. Enhance underwriting capacity and global service levels for shipping insurance, and foster innovation in maritime arbitration rules and regulations. Strengthen the mechanisms for the construction, operation, and management of major water conservancy projects.

(12) Improve and enhance the institutional framework for bolstering the resilience and security of industrial and supply chains. Accelerate efforts to build independent and controllable industrial and supply chains, and refine and strengthen the institutional mechanisms for developing key industrial chains—including integrated circuits, industrial mother machines, medical equipment, instruments and meters, basic software, industrial software, and advanced materials. Promote technological breakthroughs and the application of research outcomes across the entire chain. Establish mechanisms for assessing and responding to security risks in industrial and supply chains. Perfect collaborative mechanisms for the orderly, phased transfer of industries within China, and foster shared benefits between sending and receiving regions. Build strategic national hinterlands and backup systems for critical industries. Speed up the improvement of the national reserve system. Enhance the coordinated and seamless integration of exploration, production, supply, storage, and sales of strategic mineral resources.

IV. Establish a systemic and institutional framework that supports comprehensive innovation.

Education, science and technology, and talent are the foundational and strategic pillars of Chinese-style modernization. We must deeply implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through education and science, the strategy of making China a powerhouse in talent, and the innovation-driven development strategy. We should coordinate and promote integrated reforms of the systems and mechanisms governing education, science and technology, and talent, improve the new national system of mobilizing resources, and enhance the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system.

(13) Deepen comprehensive reform in education. Accelerate the building of a high-quality education system and promote coordinated reforms in approaches to fostering talent, school-running models, management systems, and support mechanisms. Improve the mechanism for cultivating moral integrity and nurturing well-rounded individuals; advance integrated innovation and reform of ideological and political education across primary, secondary, and higher education institutions; establish a sound system for all-round development encompassing moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetic, and labor education; enhance teachers’ abilities to teach and nurture students; establish long-term mechanisms for strengthening teachers’ ethics and professional conduct; and deepen reform in educational assessment. Optimize the layout of higher education and accelerate the construction of world-class universities and flagship disciplines with Chinese characteristics. Promote university reforms in a categorized manner, establishing mechanisms for adjusting discipline structures and talent-development models driven by scientific and technological advancement and national strategic needs. Make extraordinary efforts to develop urgently needed disciplines and specialties, strengthen the development of fundamental, emerging, and interdisciplinary fields, and cultivate top-notch talent. Focus on enhancing the cultivation of innovative capabilities. Improve higher education institutions’ mechanisms for scientific and technological innovation and boost the effectiveness of technology transfer and commercialization. Strengthen the synergy between science and technology education and humanities education. Accelerate the establishment of a vocational education system that integrates academic and vocational pathways and fosters industry-education integration. Improve the system for student internships and practical training. Guide and regulate the development of private education. Promote high-level educational openness and encourage renowned foreign science and engineering universities to collaborate with Chinese institutions in offering joint programs.

Optimize the allocation of regional educational resources and establish a mechanism for providing basic public education services that is aligned with population changes. Improve the mechanism for promoting high-quality and balanced compulsory education, and explore gradually expanding the scope of free education. Strengthen the mechanisms for safeguarding preschool education, special education, and specialized education. Promote the digitalization of education, empower the development of a learning-oriented society, and enhance support for lifelong education.

(14) Deepen reform of the science and technology system. Adhere to the principles of focusing on the global forefront of science and technology, the main battlefields of the economy, major national needs, and people’s health and well-being; optimize organizational mechanisms for major scientific and technological innovation; coordinate and strengthen efforts to tackle key core technologies; and promote systematic, institutionalized, and collaborative development of scientific and technological innovation forces, factor allocation, and talent teams. Strengthen the building of national strategic scientific and technological forces, improve the national laboratory system, refine the positioning and layout of national research institutions, high-level research universities, and leading technology enterprises, advance coordinated central-local collaboration in scientific and technological innovation, integrate the construction of various science and technology innovation platforms, encourage and regulate the development of new types of R&D institutions, leverage China’s ultra-large-scale market as a driving force, enhance the coordinated allocation of innovation resources and the organization of innovation efforts, and promote the integrated development of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation. Establish a monitoring, early-warning, and response system for science and technology security risks, and strengthen independent assurance of basic scientific and technological infrastructure. Improve the management system for science and technology associations. Expand international scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation, encourage the establishment of international scientific and technological organizations in China, and optimize management mechanisms for external professional exchanges and cooperation among universities, research institutes, and science and technology associations.

Improve the management of science and technology programs, and strengthen forward-looking and leading-edge planning in the fields of basic research, interdisciplinary frontier areas, and key strategic areas. Enhance organized basic research efforts, increase the proportion of science and technology expenditures allocated to basic research, refine the investment mechanism for basic research that combines competitive and stable funding, encourage regions, enterprises, social organizations, and individuals with appropriate conditions to support basic research, promote diversification of basic research topics, and foster high-risk, high-value basic research initiatives. Deepen reform of the science and technology evaluation system, strengthen governance of scientific ethics, and rigorously address academic misconduct.

Strengthen the leading role of enterprises in scientific and technological innovation, establish mechanisms for cultivating and bolstering technology-leading enterprises, deepen integration among industry, academia, and research under enterprise leadership, set up a corporate R&D reserve fund system, and support enterprises in proactively taking the lead or participating in national key scientific and technological projects. Build mechanisms to promote the growth and development of specialized, refined, distinctive, and innovative small and medium-sized enterprises. Encourage technology-based SMEs to increase their R&D investment and raise the deduction ratio for R&D expenses. Encourage and guide universities and research institutes to license their scientific and technological achievements to SMEs on a “use first, pay later” basis.

Improve the mechanisms for allocating, managing, and utilizing central government financial funds for science and technology, and refine the management systems for implementing central government science and technology programs and for specialized institutions. Expand the scope of the “lump-sum funding” approach for fiscal research projects, granting scientists greater autonomy in determining technological approaches, greater control over funding allocation, and greater flexibility in resource mobilization. Establish a screening mechanism for non-consensus projects based on expert recommendations under real names. Allow scientific research institutions to adopt management systems that are more flexible than those typically applied to general public institutions, and explore the possibility of adopting enterprise-like management models.

Deepen the reform of mechanisms for transforming scientific and technological achievements, strengthen the construction of the national technology transfer system, accelerate the establishment of a number of concept validation and pilot-scale verification platforms, refine policies supporting the first-of-its-kind (set), first-batch, and first-edition applications, and intensify government procurement of domestically innovative products. Also, strengthen the development of a team of technology managers.

Grant scientific and technological personnel greater autonomy in the distribution of proceeds from the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements; establish a separate management system for assets derived from official scientific and technological achievements; and deepen reforms aimed at empowering researchers with rights to their official scientific and technological achievements. Further advance income distribution reforms in universities and research institutions. Allow more qualified state-owned enterprises, guided by innovation and creativity, to implement various forms of medium- and long-term incentives among their research personnel.

Establish a science and technology finance system that is aligned with technological innovation, strengthen financial support for major national scientific and technological initiatives and technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises, and refine policies to provide long-term capital investment in early-stage, small-scale, long-term, and hard-tech ventures. Improve mechanisms for diversifying risks in tackling critical technologies, and establish a comprehensive science and technology insurance policy framework. Enhance the convenience of foreign investment in equity investments and venture capital activities in China.

(15) Deepen reform of the talent development system and mechanisms. Implement more proactive, open, and effective talent policies; improve mechanisms for independent talent cultivation; and accelerate the building of national high-level talent hubs and platforms for attracting and gathering top talent. Speed up the development of strategic talent forces, with a focus on cultivating and developing strategic scientists, first-class technology leaders, and innovative teams; also focus on nurturing outstanding engineers, master craftsmen of great nations, and highly skilled professionals, thereby enhancing the overall quality of all types of talent. Build a first-class workforce of industrial and technical workers. Improve mechanisms for the orderly flow of talent, promote rational regional distribution of talent resources, and deepen collaboration among eastern, central, and western regions in talent development. Refine mechanisms for identifying, selecting, and nurturing young innovative talent, and better ensure favorable treatment for young scientific and technological personnel. Establish and improve systems that provide researchers with the assurance they need to focus solely on their research work.

Strengthen the talent incentive mechanism, consistently empower the entities that hire talent and remove bureaucratic constraints on talented individuals. Establish a talent evaluation system oriented toward innovation capability, quality, practical results, and contributions. Smooth channels for talent exchange among universities, research institutes, and enterprises. Improve support and guarantee mechanisms for overseas-introduced talent, and build a talent system that is internationally competitive. Explore the establishment of an immigration system for high-tech talent.

V. Improve the macroeconomic governance system.

Scientific macroeconomic regulation and effective government governance are intrinsic requirements for harnessing the advantages of the socialist market economy system. We must improve the macroeconomic regulation institutional framework, coordinate and advance reforms in key areas such as fiscal and taxation as well as finance, and enhance the consistency of macroeconomic policy orientations.

(16) Improve the national strategic planning system and the mechanism for coordinated policy integration. Establish a mechanism for formulating and implementing national strategies, deepen the integration of major national strategies, and enhance the macro-guidance and coordinated functions of national strategies. Perfect the institutional framework for national economic and social development planning, strengthen mechanisms for aligning and implementing plans, leverage the strategic guiding role of national development plans, reinforce the foundational role of land and spatial planning, and bolster the supporting role of special and regional plans in implementation. Improve the system for involving experts in public decision-making.

Focus on implementing the National Development Plan and major strategies to promote coordinated efforts among fiscal, monetary, industrial, price, and employment policies, thereby optimizing the allocation of new resources and restructuring existing ones. Explore the implementation of national macroeconomic balance sheet management. Incorporate both economic and non-economic policies into the consistency assessment of macroeconomic policy orientations. Strengthen the mechanism for managing expectations. Improve the statistical indicator accounting system to support high-quality development, and enhance coverage of statistics for new economic sectors and emerging fields. Strengthen the statistical infrastructure for industrial entities, optimize statistical practices for headquarters and branch offices, and gradually extend statistical coverage to the locations where business activities actually take place. Enhance the mechanisms for coordinating international macroeconomic policies.

(17) Deepen reform of the fiscal and taxation system. Improve the budgeting system, strengthen the integrated management of fiscal resources and budgets, and bring all revenues derived from administrative power, government credit, and state-owned resources and assets fully under government budget management. Refine the budgeting system for state-owned capital operations and the performance evaluation mechanism, and enhance financial support for major national strategic tasks and basic livelihood needs. Strengthen macro-guidance on budget preparation and fiscal policy. Enhance performance management of public services and reinforce ex-ante functional assessments. Deepen reforms in zero-based budgeting. Unify budget allocation authority, improve the consistency and standardization of budget management, and refine systems for budget transparency and oversight. Perfect the accrual-based comprehensive government financial reporting system.

Improve the tax system to promote high-quality development, social equity, and market integration, and optimize the structure of the tax system. Conduct research into tax systems that are tailored to new business models and formats. Fully implement the principle of tax legality, standardize tax preferential policies, and refine support mechanisms for key areas and critical links. Strengthen the direct tax system, improve the personal income tax system by combining comprehensive and classified approaches, standardize tax policies on business income, capital gains, and property income, and introduce a unified tax regime for labor income. Deepen reforms in tax collection and administration.

Establish a sound fiscal relationship between the central and local governments characterized by clear division of responsibilities, coordinated financial resources, and regional balance. Increase local governments’ autonomous financial capacity, expand local tax sources, and appropriately broaden their authority over tax administration. Improve the system of fiscal transfers, streamline and standardize special-purpose transfer payments, increase general-purpose transfer payments, and enhance the alignment between local financial resources and administrative powers at the city and county levels. Establish an incentive and constraint mechanism for fiscal transfers aimed at promoting high-quality development. Advance the shift of the consumption tax collection stage further downstream and steadily devolve it to local governments; refine the value-added tax credit refund policy and the deduction chain; and optimize the allocation ratio of shared taxes. Study the consolidation of the urban maintenance and construction tax, the education surcharge, and the local education surcharge into a single local additional tax, and authorize local governments to set specific applicable tax rates within a certain range. Reasonably expand the scope of support provided by special local government bonds, and appropriately broaden the areas, scale, and proportion in which these bonds can be used as capital contributions. Improve the management system for government debt, establish a comprehensive monitoring and regulatory framework for local debt, and put in place a long-term mechanism for preventing and resolving risks associated with implicit debt. Accelerate the reform and transformation of local financing platforms. Standardize the management of non-tax revenues, appropriately delegate some non-tax revenue management authority downward to local governments, and allow local governments to adopt differentiated management practices tailored to their specific circumstances.

Appropriately strengthen central government authority and increase the proportion of central fiscal expenditures. In principle, central government fiscal responsibilities should be funded through expenditures directly arranged by the central government itself, thereby reducing the number of central fiscal responsibilities delegated to local governments for execution. Local governments must not be unilaterally required to provide matching funds in violation of regulations. If it is indeed necessary to delegate certain responsibilities to local governments, funding should be provided through special-purpose transfer payments.

(18) Deepen reform of the financial system. Accelerate the improvement of the central banking system and ensure smooth transmission mechanisms for monetary policy. Actively develop technology-driven finance, green finance, inclusive finance, pension finance, and digital finance, and strengthen high-quality financial services for major strategic initiatives, key sectors, and weak links. Improve the positioning and governance of financial institutions, and establish sound incentive and constraint mechanisms that support the real economy. Develop diversified equity financing, accelerate the development of a multi-tiered bond market, and increase the share of direct financing. Optimize the management system for state-owned financial capital.

Improve the functionality of the capital market by ensuring coordination between investment and financing, strengthening risk prevention and regulatory oversight, and promoting the healthy and stable development of the capital market. Support the entry of long-term capital into the market. Enhance the quality of listed companies, strengthen supervision over listed companies, and refine the delisting system. Establish a long-term mechanism to bolster the intrinsic stability of the capital market. Perfect the regulatory framework governing the conduct of major shareholders and actual controllers. Refine the incentive and constraint mechanisms for dividend distribution by listed companies. Strengthen investor protection mechanisms. Promote alignment of rules and standardization across regional equity markets.

Enact financial laws. Improve the financial regulatory system, bring all financial activities under regulation in accordance with the law, strengthen regulatory accountability and the system of responsibility, and enhance coordination between central and local regulators. Build secure and efficient financial infrastructure, unify rules and systems for market registration, custody, settlement, and clearing, establish a robust mechanism for early risk correction, and solidify a financial stability safeguard system that effectively prevents and controls systemic risks. Enhance mechanisms for protecting financial consumers and cracking down on illegal financial activities, and build a “firewall” separating industrial capital from financial capital. Promote high-level financial opening-up, steadily and prudently advance RMB internationalization, and develop offshore RMB markets. Proceed cautiously with the research and development and application of digital RMB. Accelerate the construction of Shanghai as an international financial center.

Improve the pre-entry national treatment plus negative list management model, and support qualified foreign-invested institutions to participate in financial business pilot programs. Steadily and prudently expand financial market interconnectivity and optimize the Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (QFII) system. Promote the development of a self-reliant and controllable cross-border payment system, and strengthen financial security mechanisms under open conditions. Establish a unified, comprehensive monitoring system for all types of foreign debt. Actively participate in global financial governance.

(19) Improve and refine the implementation mechanisms for the regional coordinated development strategy. Construct a regional economic layout and land spatial system characterized by complementary advantages. Enhance the institutional and policy frameworks that promote the formation of a new pattern in the large-scale development of the western region, achieve new breakthroughs in the comprehensive revitalization of the northeastern region, accelerate the rise of the central region, and expedite the modernization of the eastern region. Encourage regions such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area to better play their role as engines of high-quality development; optimize mechanisms for the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. Promote the construction of the Xiong'an New Area with high standards and high quality. Deepen and solidify the development of the Chengdu-Chongqing Twin-City Economic Circle. Improve the institutional framework for functional zones, and strengthen mechanisms that ensure optimized land use and spatial development. Refine mechanisms for integrated regional development, establish new mechanisms for cross-administrative-region cooperation, and deepen industrial collaboration among eastern, central, and western regions. Further improve the institutional mechanisms for promoting the development of the marine economy.

VI. Improve the institutional mechanisms for integrated urban-rural development.

The integrated development of urban and rural areas is an inevitable requirement for Chinese-style modernization. We must coordinate new industrialization, new urbanization, and the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas, comprehensively enhance the integration of urban and rural planning, construction, and governance, promote the equal exchange and two-way flow of factors between urban and rural areas, narrow the gap between them, and foster shared prosperity and common development in both urban and rural regions.

(20) Improve and advance the institutional mechanisms for new-type urbanization. Establish a virtuous cycle mechanism that promotes industrial upgrading, population agglomeration, and urban development in synergy. Implement a system of registering household registration based on the place of permanent residence to provide basic public services. Promote equal access—on the basis of eligibility—to social insurance, housing security, and compulsory education for children accompanying their parents—for agricultural migrants who meet the relevant criteria, ensuring they enjoy the same rights as residents with registered household status in the destination areas, and accelerate the integration of agricultural migrants into urban society. Safeguard the legitimate land rights of farmers who have settled in cities; legally protect their rights to land contract management, use of residential land, and distribution of collective income, and explore establishing voluntary, compensated mechanisms for exiting such arrangements.

Uphold the principle that cities are built by the people and for the people. Improve the urban planning system, and guide coordinated development and compact, intensive layouts for large, medium, and small cities as well as small towns. Deepen institutional reforms in urban construction, operation, and governance, and accelerate the transformation of urban development models. Promote the establishment of a new, smart, and efficient governance system for mega- and super-large cities, and set up institutional mechanisms for integrated development within metropolitan areas. Further advance reforms to grant large towns with economic and social management powers commensurate with their population and economic scale. Establish sustainable urban renewal models and policy frameworks, strengthen the construction of underground utility tunnels and the renovation and upgrading of aging pipelines, and deepen efforts to enhance urban safety and resilience.

(21) Consolidate and improve the basic rural operating system. Steadily advance pilot programs to extend the second round of land contracts by another 30 years after their expiration, deepen reforms to separate ownership, contract rights, and management rights of contracted land, and promote moderately scaled agricultural operations. Improve the agricultural operating system, refine mechanisms for determining transfer prices of contracted land management rights, encourage cooperative farming among farmers, and align support policies for new types of agricultural operators with measures aimed at boosting farmers’ incomes. Establish a sound, convenient, and efficient socialized service system for agriculture. Develop new forms of rural collective economy, create operational mechanisms characterized by clear property rights and equitable distribution, and grant farmers more comprehensive property rights and interests.

(22) Improve the system of support measures aimed at strengthening agriculture, benefiting farmers, and enriching rural areas. Uphold the principle of giving priority to agricultural and rural development, and refine the investment mechanisms for rural revitalization. Strengthen county-level industries that boost farmers’ incomes, build a diversified food supply system, and foster new rural industries and business models. Optimize the agricultural subsidy policy framework and develop multi-tiered agricultural insurance schemes. Perfect the regular mechanism for preventing rural populations from falling back into or into poverty, and establish a tiered and categorized assistance system for low-income rural residents and underdeveloped regions. Enhance the long-term management mechanism for assets formed through national investments in poverty alleviation efforts. Drawing on the experience gained from the “Ten Million Project,” establish a sound, long-term mechanism for promoting comprehensive rural revitalization.

Accelerate the establishment and improvement of mechanisms to safeguard the income of grain-growing farmers, and promote the maintenance of reasonable price levels for grains and other important agricultural products. Coordinate the establishment of a cross-provincial horizontal compensation mechanism for interests between grain-producing and consuming regions, and take substantive steps toward providing interest compensation to major production areas. Promote coordinated reforms of the systems and mechanisms governing grain procurement, sales, and reserve management, and establish new regulatory models. Improve and strengthen long-term mechanisms for conserving grain and food.

(23) Deepen land system reform. Reform and improve the system for balancing arable land occupation with replenishment, bringing all types of arable land occupation under unified management. Enhance the quality-assurance mechanisms for replenished arable land to ensure that the balance standards are met. Refine the mechanisms for constructing, inspecting, and maintaining high-standard farmland. Strengthen the management system to ensure that arable land is used primarily for cultivating staple crops. Allow farmers to make effective use of their legally owned housing through leasing, equity participation, or cooperative arrangements. Promote the orderly reform of allowing collectively-owned construction land in rural areas to enter the market, and establish a sound mechanism for distributing the increased value generated from land use.

Optimize land management by establishing a land management system that effectively aligns with macroeconomic policies and regional development strategies. Prioritize the allocation of land resources to support leading industries and major projects, thereby providing greater development space for regions with distinct advantages. Establish a coordination mechanism between the allocation of new urban construction land indicators and the growth of the resident population. Explore a national centralized approach to reclaiming and cultivating farmland, specifically earmarking such land for particular projects and regions to ensure compliance with the balance-of-land-use requirements. Optimize the use of urban industrial and commercial land, accelerate the development of the secondary market for construction land, promote mixed-use land development and rational conversion of land uses, and revitalize existing and underutilized land resources. Conduct special rectifications targeting land use in various industrial parks. Formulate policies for extending the terms of industrial and commercial land-use rights and for renewing them upon expiration.

7. Improve the institutional mechanisms for high-level opening-up.

Opening up is a defining feature of Chinese-style modernization. We must uphold the basic national policy of opening to the world, persist in using opening-up to drive reform, and leverage our country’s super-large-scale market advantages to enhance our capacity for opening up through expanded international cooperation, thus building a new system of a higher-level open economy.

(24) Steadily expand institutional openness. Proactively align with international high-standard economic and trade rules, ensuring that rules, regulations, governance practices, and standards in areas such as property rights protection, industrial subsidies, environmental standards, labor protection, government procurement, e-commerce, and the financial sector are mutually compatible and consistent, thereby creating a transparent, stable, and predictable institutional environment. Expand autonomous opening-up, and orderly increase China’s opening-up in markets for goods, services, capital, and labor, while also expanding unilateral opening-up to the least developed countries. Deepen reforms of the mechanisms and systems for foreign aid, achieving full-chain management.

Uphold the multilateral trading system centered on the World Trade Organization, actively participate in the reform of the global economic governance system, and provide more global public goods. Expand the network of high-standard free trade areas open to the world, establish compliance mechanisms aligned with internationally accepted rules, and optimize the environment for open cooperation.

(25) Deepen reform of the foreign trade system. Strengthen coordination among trade policies and fiscal, tax, financial, and industrial policies to establish a robust institutional framework and policy support system for building a trading powerhouse. Accelerate the integration of domestic and foreign trade reforms and proactively respond to trends toward trade digitalization and green transformation. Promote regulatory innovations in customs clearance, taxation, foreign exchange, and other areas, creating an institutional environment conducive to the development of new business models and formats. Foster innovative development of digital trade and advance the construction of comprehensive pilot zones for cross-border e-commerce. Establish commodity trading centers and global distribution and sorting hubs, and support various entities in orderly deploying overseas logistics facilities. Provide support for regions with suitable conditions to build international logistics hub centers and commodity resource allocation hubs. Improve mechanisms for preventing and controlling trade risks, and refine the export control system and trade remedy mechanisms.

Innovate and enhance trade in services, fully implement the negative list for cross-border service trade, advance comprehensive pilot demonstrations for further opening up the service sector, and encourage professional service institutions to strengthen their international service capabilities. Accelerate the development of offshore trade and foster new types of offshore international trade businesses. Establish and improve a cross-border financial services system and enrich the supply of financial products and services.

(26) Deepen reform of the management system for foreign investment and outbound investment. Foster a first-class business environment that is market-oriented, rule-of-law-based, and internationally competitive, and safeguard the rights and interests of foreign investors in accordance with the law. Expand the Catalog of Industries Encouraging Foreign Investment, reasonably shorten the Negative List for Foreign Investment Access, fully implement the removal of restrictions on foreign investment access in the manufacturing sector, and promote the orderly opening-up of sectors such as telecommunications, the internet, education, culture, and healthcare. Deepen reforms of the mechanisms and systems for promoting foreign investment, ensure that foreign-invested enterprises enjoy national treatment in areas including factor acquisition, qualification licensing, standard-setting, and government procurement, and support their participation in upstream and downstream supply-chain collaboration. Improve institutional arrangements to facilitate the daily lives of foreigners entering and residing in China, including access to medical care, payments, and other conveniences. Further refine the mechanisms and systems for promoting and protecting outbound investment, enhance the management and service system for outbound investment, and promote international cooperation along industrial and supply chains.

(27) Optimize the regional open-up layout. Consolidate the leading role of the eastern coastal regions in opening up, elevate the level of openness in the central, western, and northeastern regions, and accelerate the establishment of a comprehensive open-up pattern featuring coordinated development between land, sea, and inland areas as well as mutual benefits between east and west. Leverage the advantages of coastal, border, riverine, and major transportation corridors to optimize the division of regional open-up functions and create diverse and high-quality open-up hubs. Implement an upgrading strategy for free trade pilot zones and encourage pioneering and integrated explorations. Accelerate the construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port.

Leverage the institutional advantages of the “One Country, Two Systems” framework to consolidate and enhance Hong Kong’s status as an international financial, shipping, and trade hub. Support Hong Kong and Macao in becoming high-end talent hubs of global significance, and establish sound mechanisms for Hong Kong and Macao to play a greater role in the country’s opening-up to the world. Deepen cooperation within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, strengthening alignment of rules and integration of mechanisms. Improve systems and policies that promote economic, cultural, and people-to-people exchanges and cooperation across the Taiwan Strait, and further deepen integrated development between the two sides of the Strait.

(28) Improve and advance the mechanisms for high-quality joint building of the Belt and Road Initiative. Continue implementing the Belt and Road Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan, and strengthen the development of multilateral cooperation platforms in areas such as green development, the digital economy, artificial intelligence, energy, taxation, finance, and disaster risk reduction. Perfect the integrated land-sea-air-space network layout and build a three-dimensional connectivity network for the Belt and Road Initiative. Coordinate and promote both major landmark projects and small-scale yet impactful livelihood projects.

8. Improve the institutional framework for whole-process people’s democracy.

Developing whole-process people’s democracy is an essential requirement of Chinese-style modernization. We must unswervingly follow the path of political development with Chinese characteristics, uphold and improve our country’s fundamental political system, basic political system, and important political institutions, enrich democratic forms at all levels, and concretely and realistically embody the principle of the people being masters of the country in all aspects of political and social life.

(29) Strengthen the institutional development of people’s democratic rule. Uphold, improve, and effectively implement the system of the National People’s Congress. Enhance the NPC’s oversight mechanisms over administrative, supervisory, judicial, and procuratorial organs; refine the Supervision Law and its implementation mechanisms; and strengthen the NPC’s oversight over budget review and final accounts, management of state-owned assets, and government debt management. Improve the NPC’s rules of procedure as well as systems for deliberation, assessment, evaluation, and hearings. Enrich the content and forms of interaction between NPC deputies and the general public. Establish and improve mechanisms for incorporating public opinion and pooling collective wisdom. Give full play to the role of mass organizations such as trade unions, the Communist Youth League, and the All-China Women’s Federation as bridges and links connecting and serving the masses.

(30) Improve the mechanisms for consultative democracy. Leverage the role of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) as a specialized consultative body, and refine mechanisms that promote in-depth consultative interaction, ensure full expression of opinions, and broadly build consensus. Strengthen the CPPCC’s mechanisms for reflecting public sentiment and民意, connecting with the masses, and serving the people. Enhance the CPPCC’s mechanisms for democratic supervision.

Improve the system of consultative democracy, enrich the methods of consultation, and establish institutionalized platforms for consultations among political parties, the National People's Congress, the government, the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), people’s organizations, grassroots-level consultations, and social organizations. Strengthen coordination and synergy among various channels of consultation. Establish sound mechanisms for implementing consultations both before and during the decision-making process, and refine the mechanisms for adopting, implementing, and providing feedback on the outcomes of consultations.

(31) Improve the grassroots democratic system. Strengthen the grassroots mass self-governance mechanism led by grassroots Party organizations, refine the grassroots democratic institutional framework and working mechanisms, and broaden channels for various grassroots organizations and the public to participate in grassroots governance in an orderly manner. Improve the system of open administration. Enhance the democratic management system in enterprises and public institutions, with the workers’ congress as its fundamental form, and refine effective mechanisms for employee participation in enterprise management.

(32) Improve the overall framework for united front work. Refine policies and measures that leverage the united front’s political role in rallying hearts and pooling strengths. Uphold, develop, and further improve China’s new-type political party system. Better harness the role of non-Party figures and establish a sound system for building a contingent of representative non-Party personnel. Enact a Law on Promoting Ethnic Unity and Progress, strengthen institutional mechanisms for solidifying the sense of community among the Chinese nation, and enhance the cohesion of the Chinese nation. Systematically advance the sinicization of religion in China and reinforce the rule-of-law-based governance of religious affairs. Improve mechanisms for politically guiding non-Party intellectuals and members of new social strata. Comprehensively foster close yet clean relationships between government and business, and establish sound working mechanisms to promote the healthy development of the non-public sector economy and the healthy growth of entrepreneurs from the non-public sector. Enhance the working mechanisms related to Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and overseas Chinese affairs.

9. Improve the socialist rule-of-law system with Chinese characteristics.

The rule of law is an important guarantee for Chinese-style modernization. We must fully implement and uphold the Constitution, safeguard its authority, and promote coordinated reforms across all aspects—legislation, law enforcement, judicial proceedings, and compliance with the law. We should also improve mechanisms that ensure equal treatment under the law for everyone, foster the spirit of socialist rule of law, uphold social fairness and justice, and comprehensively advance the rule-of-law-based governance of all aspects of state affairs.

(33) Deepen reform in the legislative field. Improve the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics, centered on the Constitution; strengthen the institutional framework for ensuring the full implementation of the Constitution; and establish a system for reporting on the implementation of the Constitution. Perfect the legislative working pattern featuring Party committee leadership, NPC oversight, government support, and participation by all relevant parties. Coordinate legislation, amendment, repeal, interpretation, and codification efforts; enhance legislation in key areas, emerging fields, and foreign-related fields; refine the mechanisms for constitutional review and filing review; and elevate the quality of legislation. Explore regional collaborative legislation. Improve the mechanism for aligning and coordinating internal Party regulations with national laws and regulations. Build a nationwide, unified information platform for laws, regulations, and normative documents.

(34) Deeply advance law-based administration. Promote the legalization of government institutions, functions, powers, procedures, and responsibilities; foster standardization, regularization, and convenience in government services; and improve the integrated online government service platform covering the entire country. Enhance the mechanisms for reviewing the legality of major decisions and normative documents. Strengthen government legislative review. Deepen reform of the administrative enforcement system, refine the mechanisms for comprehensive grassroots enforcement, and improve the systems and mechanisms for supervising administrative enforcement. Perfect the benchmark system for administrative discretion in areas such as administrative penalties, and promote cross-regional alignment of administrative enforcement standards. Improve the two-way linkage mechanism between administrative and criminal penalties. Strengthen the system and mechanisms for administrative reconsideration. Refine the administrative adjudication system. Optimize vertical management systems and local hierarchical management systems, and establish sound mechanisms for coordination and cooperation between vertically managed agencies and local authorities. Prudently advance the optimization of institutional arrangements in small-population counties. Deepen reform of the management system for development zones. Optimize the structural layout of public institutions and strengthen their public welfare orientation.

(35) Improve and refine the institutional mechanisms for fair and impartial law enforcement and judicial administration. Strengthen the system under which supervisory authorities, public security organs, procuratorial organs, trial courts, and judicial administrative agencies each perform their respective duties, with powers of supervision, investigation, prosecution, adjudication, and enforcement mutually coordinated and mutually restraining, thereby ensuring that every stage and process of law enforcement and judicial administration operates under effective oversight and supervision. Deepen the reform separating adjudicatory power from enforcement power, improve the national enforcement system, and enhance the full-process oversight by parties involved, procuratorial organs, and the general public over enforcement activities. Perfect the systems for redress and protection in law enforcement and judicial proceedings, and further refine the state compensation system. Deepen and standardize judicial openness, and implement and improve the judicial accountability system. Standardize the establishment of specialized courts. Further advance reforms in jurisdictional levels, centralized jurisdiction, and jurisdiction in different locations for administrative cases. Build a collaborative and efficient policing system and mechanism, promote reforms in the management of staffing and organizational structures of local public security organs, and continue to advance institutional reforms in civil aviation public security organs and customs anti-smuggling departments. Standardize the management system for auxiliary police personnel.

Uphold the correct view of human rights, strengthen law enforcement and judicial safeguards for human rights, improve working mechanisms covering pre-event review, ongoing supervision, and post-event correction, refine systems governing coercive measures related to citizens’ personal rights as well as measures such as seizure, detention, and freezing, and investigate and prosecute according to law criminal acts involving abuse of power for personal gain, illegal detention, and torture during interrogation. Promote full coverage of lawyer representation in criminal cases. Establish a system for sealing records of minor offenses.

(36) Improve and advance the mechanisms for building a society governed by the rule of law. Enhance the public legal service system covering both urban and rural areas, and deepen reforms of the lawyer system, notarization system, arbitration system, mediation system, and judicial expertise management system. Improve legal publicity and education, and refine the education and training mechanisms for law schools that are practice-oriented. Strengthen and improve the protection of minors’ rights and interests, reinforce the prevention and control of juvenile delinquency, and formulate specific regulations on corrective education.

(37) Strengthen the building of the rule of law in foreign-related affairs. Establish a coordinated mechanism for advancing foreign-related legislation, law enforcement, judicial proceedings, compliance with the law, legal services, and the cultivation of rule-of-law professionals. Improve the system of foreign-related laws and regulations as well as the system for implementing the rule of law, and deepen international cooperation in law enforcement and judicial matters. Refine judicial systems governing foreign-related civil legal relationships, including provisions allowing parties to agree on jurisdiction and choose applicable extraterritorial laws in accordance with the law. Enhance the systems of international commercial arbitration and mediation, and foster first-class international arbitration institutions and law firms. Actively participate in the formulation of international rules.

10. Deepen reform of the cultural system and mechanisms.

Chinese-style modernization is a modernization that coordinates material civilization with spiritual civilization. We must strengthen cultural confidence, develop advanced socialist culture, promote revolutionary culture, carry forward China’s outstanding traditional culture, accelerate our adaptation to the new situation brought about by the rapid development of information technology, cultivate and build a large-scale, high-quality cultural talent pool, and unleash the innovative and creative vitality of the entire nation’s culture.

(38) Improve the accountability system for ideological work. Enhance the system for arming the entire Party, educating the people, and guiding practice with the Party’s innovative theories; refine the study system for theoretical study groups of Party committees (Party leading groups); and improve the system of ideological and political work. Innovate the project for research and development of Marxist theory, implement the Innovation Project for Philosophy and Social Sciences, and build an independent knowledge system for Chinese philosophy and social sciences. Perfect the system of spokespersons. Establish working mechanisms and evaluation systems that are adapted to all-media production and dissemination, and promote systematic reforms of mainstream media. Improve the mechanisms for guiding public opinion and for coordinated responses to public sentiment.

Promote the normalization and institutionalization of education on ideals and convictions. Improve the systems and mechanisms for fostering and practicing socialist core values. Enhance and innovate the working mechanisms for cultivating civility, engaging in civilizational practice, and promoting civilizational development. Implement projects to foster a civilized rural ethos. Optimize the mechanisms for publicizing and learning about role models and exemplary figures; innovate the organizational mechanisms for patriotic education and various mass-based thematic activities; and encourage the whole society to admire heroes, commemorate martyrs, and strive to be pioneers. Establish a system for inheriting traditional Chinese virtues, improve the institutional frameworks for building social ethics, professional ethics, family virtues, and personal morality, and strengthen long-term mechanisms for integrity-building. Educate and guide the entire society to consciously abide by laws, uphold public order and good customs, and firmly oppose materialism, hedonism, extreme individualism, and historical nihilism. Develop a differentiated and precise implementation mechanism for online ideological and moral education. Establish and improve collaborative governance mechanisms for addressing prominent issues in the moral domain, and refine the long-term mechanism for "combating pornography and illegal publications."

(39) Optimize the mechanisms for providing cultural services and cultural products. Improve the public cultural service system, establish a mechanism for directly delivering high-quality cultural resources to the grassroots level, refine the mechanism for engaging social forces in public cultural services, and advance the reform of separating ownership from usage rights of public cultural facilities. Deepen state-owned enterprise reform in the cultural sector, promote internal reforms of cultural institutions in a categorized manner, and improve the mechanisms for building and developing literary and artistic troupes.

Uphold a creation orientation centered on the people, and adhere to the principle of combining the production of high-quality works with the cultivation of talented individuals, as well as integrating the focus on artistic works with the improvement of the creative environment. Enhance the mechanisms for guiding, organizing, and providing services in literary and artistic creation, production, and dissemination. Improve the cultural industry system and market system, and refine cultural economic policies. Explore effective mechanisms for the integration of culture and technology, and accelerate the development of new cultural business models. Deepen reform of the administrative approval and filing systems in the cultural sector, and strengthen supervision during and after the event. Further enhance comprehensive governance in the cultural and entertainment sectors.

Establish a coordination mechanism for the protection and inheritance of cultural heritage, set up an inspection system for cultural heritage protection, and promote systematic protection and unified supervision of cultural heritage. Construct a system of identifiers for Chinese civilization. Improve the institutional mechanisms for the deep integration of culture and tourism. Enhance the public service system for nationwide fitness, and reform and refine the management system and operational mechanisms for competitive sports.

(40) Improve the comprehensive governance system for cyberspace. Deepen reform of the cyber management system, integrate functions related to cyber content creation and management, and promote integrated management of news publicity and online public opinion. Perfect the mechanisms for the development and management of generative artificial intelligence. Strengthen the rule of law in cyberspace, establish long-term mechanisms for governing the cyber ecosystem, and enhance the system for protecting minors online.

(41) Build a more effective international communication system. Promote the restructuring of the international communication landscape, deepen reform and innovation in the international communication mechanisms of mainstream media, and accelerate the development of a multi-channel, multi-dimensional external communication framework. Speed up the establishment of a Chinese discourse and narrative system, and comprehensively enhance the effectiveness of international communication. Establish a mechanism for implementing the Global Civilization Initiative. Facilitate management measures for both “going global” and “bringing in,” and expand international cultural and people-to-people exchanges and cooperation.

11. Improve and enhance the institutional framework for safeguarding and improving people’s livelihoods.

Ensuring and improving people’s livelihoods during development is a major task of Chinese-style modernization. We must adhere to the principle of doing our utmost within our capabilities, continuously refine the basic public-service system, strengthen inclusive, foundational, and safety-net-oriented livelihood-building efforts, properly address the most pressing, direct, and realistic concerns of the people, and constantly meet their aspirations for a better life.

(42) Improve the income distribution system. Establish a coordinated and complementary institutional framework encompassing primary distribution, secondary distribution, and tertiary distribution, increase the share of residents’ income in national income distribution, and raise the proportion of labor compensation in primary distribution. Perfect mechanisms for determining workers’ wages, ensuring their reasonable growth, and guaranteeing timely payment; refine policies and systems for distribution based on factors of production. Enhance redistribution and regulatory mechanisms through taxation, social security, transfer payments, and other channels. Support the development of public welfare and charitable undertakings.

Standardize the order of income distribution and regulate the mechanisms for wealth accumulation. Increase property-based income for urban and rural residents through multiple channels, and establish a systematic framework that effectively boosts the incomes of low-income groups, steadily expands the size of the middle-income group, and appropriately moderates excessively high incomes. Deepen reform of the wage-setting mechanism in state-owned enterprises, and rationally determine and strictly regulate the salaries, allowances, and subsidies of officials at all levels within these enterprises.

(43) Improve employment-first policies. Enhance mechanisms for promoting high-quality and full employment, refine the public employment service system, and focus on addressing structural employment imbalances. Perfect the employment support systems for key groups such as college graduates, migrant workers, and veterans, and establish a sound lifelong vocational skills training system. Coordinate urban and rural employment policy frameworks, simultaneously advance reforms in household registration, employment practices, and personnel file management, optimize the policy environment for entrepreneurship-driven job creation, and support and regulate the development of new forms of employment. Improve institutional mechanisms that promote equal opportunities and unblock channels for social mobility. Refine mechanisms for negotiating and coordinating labor relations, and strengthen protection of workers’ rights and interests.

(44) Strengthen the social security system. Improve the nationwide unified system of basic old-age insurance and establish a nationally integrated public service platform for social security. Enhance the mechanisms for preserving and increasing the value of social security funds as well as for ensuring their safe management. Refine the mechanisms for the rational adjustment of funding and benefit levels for basic old-age and basic medical insurance, and gradually increase the basic pension for urban and rural residents’ basic old-age insurance. Improve the social security systems for flexibly employed workers, migrant workers, and those in new forms of employment; expand coverage of unemployment, work-related injury, and maternity insurance; completely lift household registration restrictions on participation in social insurance in the place of employment; and refine policies for the transfer and continuation of social security relationships. Accelerate the development of a multi-tiered, multi-pillar pension insurance system, broaden the coverage of annuity schemes, and implement a personal pension system. Leverage the complementary role of various commercial insurance products in providing additional protection. Promote provincial-level pooling of basic medical insurance, deepen reforms of medical insurance payment methods, improve the systems for critical illness insurance and medical assistance, and strengthen oversight of medical insurance funds. Enhance the social assistance system. Improve the institutional framework for safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of women and children. Perfect the social security system and care service system for persons with disabilities.

Accelerate the establishment of a housing system that combines both rental and home purchase options, and speed up the development of a new model for the real estate sector. Intensify the construction and supply of affordable housing to meet the rigid housing needs of the salaried workforce. Support diverse and improved housing demands among urban and rural residents. Fully empower local governments with autonomy in regulating the real estate market, adopting city-specific policies, and allowing relevant cities to lift or reduce housing purchase restrictions, as well as abolish the distinction between standard and non-standard residential properties. Reform the financing mechanisms for real estate development and the pre-sale system for commercial housing. Improve the real estate tax system.

(45) Deepen the reform of the medical and healthcare system. Implement a health-first development strategy, improve the public health system, and promote collaborative governance by society, synergy between medical care and disease prevention, and integration of medical care and disease prevention. Strengthen capabilities in monitoring and early warning, risk assessment, epidemiological investigation, laboratory testing, emergency response, and medical treatment. Promote coordinated development and governance of medical care, medical insurance, and pharmaceuticals. Facilitate the expansion and downward distribution of high-quality medical resources and ensure their balanced regional deployment. Accelerate the construction of a tiered diagnosis and treatment system, advance the establishment of tightly integrated medical consortia, and strengthen primary-level medical and health services. Deepen the reform of public hospitals oriented toward public welfare, establish a fee-charging mechanism led by medical services, refine the salary system, and set up a dynamic adjustment mechanism for staffing levels. Guide and regulate the development of private hospitals. Innovate approaches to medical and health supervision. Improve mechanisms supporting the development of innovative drugs and medical devices, and refine mechanisms for the inheritance and innovative development of traditional Chinese medicine.

(46) Improve the population development support and service system. Focus on addressing aging and declining birth rates to refine our population development strategy, and establish a comprehensive population service system covering all people throughout their entire life cycle, thereby promoting high-quality population development. Enhance the policy framework and incentive mechanisms for supporting childbirth, and foster the development of a child-friendly society. Effectively reduce the costs associated with having, raising, and educating children; improve maternity leave policies; introduce a childbirth subsidy system; raise the level of basic public services for maternal and child healthcare; and increase the deduction amounts for individual income tax. Strengthen the construction of inclusive childcare service systems, and support various models such as employer-sponsored childcare facilities, community-based integrated childcare services, and family-based childcare centers. Comprehend the objective patterns of population mobility, ensure that relevant public services follow the population, and promote the rational concentration and orderly flow of population between urban and rural areas as well as across different regions.

Actively address population aging and improve the policy mechanisms for developing elderly care services and the elderly care industry. Foster the silver economy and create diversified, personalized employment opportunities tailored to the needs of older adults. In accordance with the principles of voluntariness and flexibility, steadily and orderly advance the reform of gradually raising the statutory retirement age. Optimize the provision of basic elderly care services, cultivate community-based elderly care service institutions, refine the operational mechanisms of publicly-run elderly care facilities, and encourage and guide social forces—including enterprises—to actively participate. Promote mutual-help elderly care services and strengthen the integration of medical and elderly care services. Accelerate efforts to address shortcomings in rural elderly care services. Enhance services for particularly vulnerable elderly individuals, such as those who are lonely, widowed, disabled, or unable to care for themselves, and expedite the establishment of a long-term care insurance system.

12. Deepen the reform of the ecological civilization system.

Chinese-style modernization is a modernization characterized by harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature. We must improve the institutional framework for ecological civilization, synergistically promote carbon reduction, pollution control, greening, and economic growth, proactively address climate change, and accelerate the refinement and implementation of institutional mechanisms that embody the philosophy that "lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets."

(47) Improve the foundational institutional framework for ecological civilization. Implement an ecological and environmental management system characterized by region-specific, differentiated, and precise control measures, and enhance the systems for ecological and environmental monitoring and assessment. Establish and refine a comprehensive, unified, and seamlessly integrated system of land-use control and planning permits that covers all regions and all types of land use. Strengthen the property rights and management systems for natural resource assets, improve the mechanism for entrusting and acting as agents for the ownership of natural resource assets owned by the entire people, and set up accountability and oversight systems for ecological and environmental protection, natural resource conservation and utilization, and asset preservation and value enhancement. Enhance the national coordination mechanism for ecological security work. Compile a code of ecological and environmental law.

(48) Improve the ecological and environmental governance system. Promote the development of a responsibility system, a regulatory system, a market system, and a system of laws, regulations, and policies for ecological and environmental governance. Enhance institutional mechanisms for precise, scientific, and law-based pollution control; implement the regulatory system for stationary pollution sources centered on the discharge permit system; establish a coordinated governance framework for emerging pollutants and an environmental risk management system; and advance the synergistic reduction of multiple pollutants. Deepen reform of the environmental information disclosure system in accordance with the law and build an environmental credit supervision system. Promote the establishment of integrated ecological and environmental governance systems across upstream and downstream areas in key river basins. Fully advance the construction of a nature reserve system primarily based on national parks.

　　Implement the management system for ecological protection redlines, improve the integrated protection and systematic governance mechanism for mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, and deserts, and establish a diversified investment mechanism for ecological conservation and restoration. Implement the rigid constraints on water resources and comprehensively promote the transition from water resource fees to taxes. Strengthen the coordination mechanism for biodiversity conservation efforts. Improve the institutional framework for the development and protection of marine resources. Enhance the mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products. Deepen reform of the paid-use system for natural resources. Promote comprehensive ecological compensation, refine horizontal ecological protection compensation mechanisms, and coordinate efforts to advance compensation for ecological and environmental damage.

(49) Improve the mechanisms for green and low-carbon development. Implement fiscal, tax, financial, investment, and pricing policies and a standards system that support green and low-carbon development; develop green and low-carbon industries; refine incentive mechanisms for green consumption; and promote the construction of a green, low-carbon, and circular economic system. Optimize government green procurement policies and improve the green tax system. Enhance the management of total resource consumption and the comprehensive conservation system, and establish a sound waste recycling system. Improve mechanisms for the clean and efficient utilization of coal. Accelerate the planning and construction of a new energy system, and refine policy measures for the integration and regulation of new energy sources. Strengthen the institutional framework for adapting to climate change. Establish a new mechanism for fully transitioning from dual control of energy consumption to dual control of carbon emissions. Build a carbon emission statistics and accounting system, a product carbon labeling certification system, and a product carbon footprint management system. Improve the carbon market trading system and the voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction trading system, and actively and steadily advance the goals of peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality.

13. Promote the modernization of the national security system and capabilities.

National security is a crucial foundation for China’s modernization to proceed steadily and achieve long-term success. We must fully implement the Overall National Security Concept, improve the systems and mechanisms for safeguarding national security, foster a virtuous cycle of high-quality development and high-level security, and effectively ensure the country’s enduring stability and prosperity.

(50) Strengthen the national security system. Enhance the coordination mechanism for national security work, and improve the legal, strategic, policy, and risk monitoring and early-warning systems for national security. Further refine the security assurance systems for key areas and the specialized coordination and command systems for critical initiatives. Build a coordinated and efficient national security protection system, and promote the technological empowerment of national security.

(51) Improve the public security governance mechanism. Enhance the support system for handling major sudden public emergencies, refine the emergency command mechanism under the framework of comprehensive safety and large-scale emergency response, strengthen grassroots emergency preparedness infrastructure and capabilities, and boost disaster prevention, mitigation, and relief capacities. Perfect the mechanisms for identifying and addressing production safety risks as well as for tracing accountability. Improve the responsibility system for food and drug safety. Strengthen the biosecurity regulatory early-warning and prevention system. Enhance the construction of the cybersecurity framework and establish a regulatory system for the safety of artificial intelligence.

(52) Improve the social governance system. Uphold and develop the “Fengqiao Experience” for the new era, and establish a sound grassroots governance system in urban and rural areas that integrates self-governance, rule of law, and moral governance under the leadership of Party organizations. Perfect the social governance system characterized by joint construction, joint governance, and shared benefits. Explore the establishment of a nationwide, unified population management system. Improve the institutional framework for social work, strengthen Party building-led grassroots governance, enhance the development of the social worker workforce, and promote the construction of a volunteer service system. Advance the rule-of-law-based management of letters and visits. Enhance the capacity for social governance at the municipal level, strengthen the functions of public service platforms such as citizen hotlines, refine the management mechanism for key tasks under the “efficiently getting one thing done” initiative, and establish a regular implementation mechanism. Improve the social psychological service system and crisis intervention mechanisms. Strengthen mechanisms that leverage the role of family, family education, and family traditions in grassroots governance. Deepen reform of industry associations and chambers of commerce. Improve the management system for social organizations.

Improve the system to ensure that the responsibilities, powers, and resources of townships (subdistricts) are well-matched, and strengthen the service and management capabilities of townships (subdistricts). Enhance the comprehensive social security prevention and control system, refine the regular mechanism for combating organized crime and evil forces, and impose strict legal punishments on illegal and criminal activities that have drawn strong public complaints.

(53) Improve the national security mechanisms related to foreign affairs. Establish and refine coordination mechanisms for addressing regional security issues. Strengthen the systems and mechanisms for early warning, prevention, and protection against risks to overseas interests and investments; deepen international law enforcement cooperation in the security field; and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese citizens and legal entities abroad. Enhance mechanisms for countering sanctions, resisting interference, and opposing “long-arm jurisdiction.” Improve mechanisms for safeguarding maritime rights and interests. Perfect mechanisms for participating in global security governance.

14. Continue to deepen reform of national defense and the armed forces.

The modernization of national defense and the armed forces is an important component of Chinese-style modernization. We must uphold the Party’s absolute leadership over the People’s Armed Forces, deeply implement the strategy of strengthening the military through reform, and provide strong guarantees for achieving the centenary goal of building a strong military on schedule and basically realizing the modernization of national defense and the armed forces.

(54) Improve the leadership, management, and institutional mechanisms of the People’s Armed Forces. Enhance the institutional mechanisms for fully implementing the system of responsibility vested in the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and further advance political building within the military. Optimize the functional allocation of departments under the Central Military Commission, establish and improve mechanisms for coordinated promotion of combat readiness and military development, refine mechanisms for consulting and evaluating major decisions, deepen innovation in strategic management, and perfect the military governance system. Strengthen the working mechanisms for governing the military according to law. Improve supporting policies and systems in areas such as combat readiness, military human resources, and related fields. Deepen reform of military academies and institutions, and promote their substantive development. Implement adjustments and reforms of military enterprises and public institutions.

(55) Deepen reform of the joint operations system. Improve the functions of the Joint Operations Command Center under the Central Military Commission, enhance command capabilities in key security areas, and establish a coordinated operational mechanism with central and state organs. Optimize the organizational structure of theater-level joint operations command centers and refine the organizational model for joint operations command of task forces. Strengthen integrated planning and application of the cyber information system. Develop a new structural layout for military services and arms, accelerate the development of strategic deterrence forces, vigorously advance the development of new-domain and new-quality combat forces, and coordinate and strengthen the building of traditional combat forces. Optimize the organizational structure of the People’s Armed Police Force.

(56) Deepen cross-military and civilian reforms. Improve the integrated national strategic system and capability-building mechanisms, and refine the decision-making, deliberation, and coordination mechanisms involving military affairs. Strengthen the mechanisms for submitting military requirements and aligning military and civilian needs in national defense construction, and enhance the national defense mobilization system. Deepen reform of the defense science and technology industry system, optimize the spatial layout of the defense science and technology industry, improve the procurement system for weapons and equipment, establish a mechanism for rewarding military product design, and build a modern management system for weapons and equipment. Perfect the coordinated mechanisms for standardization work between the military and civilian sectors. Strengthen overall planning and management in areas such as aerospace and military trade. Optimize the leadership and management systems for border and coastal defense, and improve the collaborative mechanism involving Party, government, military, police, and civilians in border governance. Deepen reform of the militia system. Enhance and refine the working mechanisms for supporting the military.

15. Enhance the Party’s leadership in further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-style modernization.

The Party's leadership is the fundamental guarantee for further deepening comprehensive reform and advancing Chinese-style modernization. We must profoundly grasp the decisive significance of the “Two Establishments,” strengthen our “Four Consciousnesses,” firmly uphold our “Four Confidences,” and ensure we “Two Safeguards.” We must maintain a high degree of consciousness in using the Party’s self-revolution to lead social revolution, adhere to governing the Party with a spirit of reform and stringent standards, improve the Party’s institutional framework for self-revolution, and continuously promote the Party’s self-purification, self-improvement, self-innovation, and self-enhancement, thereby ensuring that the Party always remains the strong leading core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

(57) Uphold the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee over further deepening reform in a comprehensive and all-round manner. The Party Central Committee leads the overall design, coordinated planning, and holistic advancement of reform. We will improve the mechanisms for implementing major decisions and deployments made by the Party Central Committee, ensuring that its directives are strictly followed and enforced. Party committees (Party groups) at all levels are responsible for implementing the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, formulating and advancing reforms within their respective regions and departments, and encouraging them to combine local realities with innovation and creativity, thus generating new experiences that can be replicated and widely promoted. We must firmly follow the Party’s mass line for the new era, fully incorporating societal aspirations, grassroots wisdom, expert insights, and frontline experience into the design of reform initiatives. We should set reform agendas around addressing prominent contradictions, optimize the mechanism for developing key reform plans, adhere to truth and correct errors, promptly identify problems, and rectify deviations. We will also refine mechanisms for incentivizing reform and guiding public opinion, thereby fostering a positive atmosphere conducive to reform.

(58) Deepen the reform of the Party’s institutional framework for Party building. Focusing on mobilizing the entire Party’s enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity in pursuing reform and promoting development, we will improve the systems and mechanisms for Party building. Strengthen ideological education based on the Party’s innovative theories, and establish and refine long-term mechanisms for forging souls through study, enhancing wisdom through study, rectifying conduct through study, and boosting action through study. Deepen reform of the cadre and personnel system, clearly establishing the right orientation for selecting and appointing cadres, and vigorously selecting cadres who are politically strong, dare to take responsibility, are eager to carry out reforms, have outstanding achievements, and are honest and upright. We will focus on addressing issues such as cadres’ arbitrary actions, inaction, reluctance to act, and inability to act effectively. Foster and practice a correct view of political achievements, and establish sound mechanisms for effectively preventing and correcting deviations in the perception of political achievements. Implement the “three distinctions,” encouraging cadres to be pioneering, enterprising, and committed to getting things done. Promote the normalization of both upward and downward mobility of leading cadres, and intensify efforts to remove cadres who are unsuitable for their current positions. Improve and implement regular training mechanisms, especially basic training, strengthen professional training and practical experience, and comprehensively enhance cadres’ capacity for modernization. Perfect and implement the tenure system for leading cadres, and establish a sound system for the handover and succession of key leaders within leadership teams. Enhance the political and organizational functions of Party organizations. Explore effective approaches to strengthening Party building in new economic organizations, new social organizations, and new employment groups. Improve mechanisms for educating, managing, and enabling Party members to play their roles effectively. Refine Party regulations, enhancing their authority and enforceability.

(59) Deeply advance the building of Party conduct and integrity as well as the fight against corruption. Improve mechanisms for making political oversight more concrete, precise, and routine. Persistently implement the spirit of the Central Committee’s Eight-Point Regulation, and refine institutional mechanisms to prevent and address formalism and bureaucratic practices. Continue streamlining and standardizing meetings, documents, and various demonstration initiatives, evaluation activities, and celebratory events and forums. Strictly control the overall volume of supervision, inspections, and assessments directed at the grassroots level, enhance the quality of research and investigation, and make great efforts to address issues of excessive frequency and complexity. Develop a list of responsibilities for township (subdistrict) governments and establish long-term mechanisms to reduce burdens on the grassroots level. Establish a disciplinary education mechanism that combines regular and concentrated approaches, deepen the application of the “four forms” of supervision and discipline enforcement, and comprehensively leverage the Party’s disciplinary education in terms of constraint, protection, and motivation.

Improve the integrated mechanism for preventing corruption—ensuring that officials dare not, cannot, and do not want to engage in corrupt practices—and focus on eradicating the root causes and conditions that give rise to corruption. Enhance the mechanism for simultaneously investigating and addressing unhealthy tendencies and corruption issues; deepen efforts to tackle corruption in areas where power is concentrated, funds are heavily invested, and resources are abundant; strictly investigate and punish instances of collusion between government officials and business leaders that undermine the political ecosystem and economic development environment; refine the joint punishment mechanism targeting key individuals who offer bribes; and develop more effective strategies for preventing and combating new forms of corruption as well as hidden corruption. Strengthen efforts to address false accusations. Improve mechanisms for pursuing fugitives, preventing escape, and recovering stolen assets. Intensify the building of a culture of integrity in the new era.

Improve the Party and state supervision system. Strengthen the principal responsibility and supervisory responsibility for comprehensively enforcing strict Party governance. Enhance the supporting systems for strengthening oversight of “leading officials” and leading teams. Perfect mechanisms for allocating power and constraining its exercise, and oppose privileged thinking and privileged practices. Promote the seamless integration of disciplinary enforcement, law enforcement, and criminal justice. Improve the institutional framework for inspection and巡察 work. Optimize the functions of supervision, inspection, and investigation agencies; refine the disciplinary inspection and supervision system for vertically managed units; and advance the comprehensive deployment of disciplinary inspection and supervision teams to centrally-administered enterprises. Deepen reform of the grassroots-level supervision system and mechanisms. Advance national legislation against corruption, revise the Supervision Law, and introduce a law against cross-border corruption.

(60) We must carry out reforms with the spirit of driving nails home. With regard to the Party Central Committee’s decisions and plans for further deepening reform in a comprehensive manner, the entire Party must be pragmatic and down-to-earth in implementation, dare to take action and do a good job in implementation, and uphold coordinated efforts between different levels and integration of vertical and horizontal structures. We must scientifically formulate task lists, timetables, and priority sequences for reform, clearly define the implementing bodies and responsibilities for each reform initiative, incorporate the status of major reforms into supervision, inspection, and巡视巡察 activities, and use actual achievements, tangible results, and the satisfaction of the people as the yardstick for evaluating the effectiveness of the reforms.

Chinese-style modernization is a path of peaceful development. In our foreign policy, we must steadfastly pursue an independent and peaceful foreign policy, promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, uphold common values shared by all humanity, implement the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, and the Global Civilization Initiative, advocate for a multipolar world characterized by equality and order, and promote economic globalization that is inclusive and beneficial to all. We should deepen reform of our foreign affairs mechanisms, actively participate in and lead the reform and construction of the global governance system, and firmly safeguard our national sovereignty, security, and development interests, thereby creating a favorable external environment for further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-style modernization.

All Party members, the entire military, and people of all ethnic groups across the country must unite even more closely around the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, hold high the banner of reform and opening-up, pool our hearts and minds, forge ahead with determination, and strive tirelessly to fully build a modern socialist power, achieve the Second Centenary Goal, and comprehensively advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization.